The United Malays National Organization, or UMNO is once again deeply split. There is a fracture between the party grassroots, the Supreme Council or central party governing body, and the parliamentary caucus. In addition, both the supreme council and parliamentary members also have divisions, and are split about which is the best way for the party to go in the future. Just to complicate things even more, some states are controlled by warlords, who are acting quasi-independently, and engaged with their own rifts and divisions at state-level.
UMNO from the outside looks like a party about to break apart. UMNO became an institutional icon that was formed in 1946 to fight against the formation of the Malayan Union, on the side of the Raja-raja, or Royal families, in the interests of defending the feudal Malay structure. UMNO, later went on to negotiate independence from the British, where the Sultans kept their powers.
In this way, UMNO has not been a party of the people, but a party with an interest in maintaining the institutional Malay status quo.
UMNO’s influence upon Malaysian society and politics has been cathartic. Most of the main players of today’s political environment had a beginning within UMNO, or came from families which supported UMNO. Opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim’s Party Kedadilan Rakyat, or PKR, was the result of a merging of ex-UMNO and supporters of the Reformasi movement, back in 1998, soon after Anwar’s sacking as deputy prime minister and member of UMNO. Former prime minister Mahathir Mohamed, together with current prime minister Muhyiddin Yassin, are both former UMNO politicians. Bersatu has a number of ex-UMNO members as members, an at least 13 ex-UMNO MPS in its parliamentary ranks. Sabah politics has long been under Sabah UMNO’s influence, due to Anwar opening up the Sabah branch in the mid-1990s.
All the contenders for the position of prime minister in the current political crisis, are either current or past UMNO members. Bersatu ideology resembles UMNO’s, and although PKR is considered a multi-racial party, the organizational structure and processes within PKR, closely resemble that of UMNO.
This is not the first time since Merdeka, or independence that UMNO looks like it could sink into oblivion, breaking up and decaying into small remnants of what it once was.
A divided UMNO is very much the party’s history and trademark. UMNO’s founding president Onn Jaafar, left the party, over disagreement with the party’s insular race based political focus in 1951. His successor Tunku Abdul Rahman, was ousted by the Ultra-Malay ‘Young Turks”, of which Mahathir was a member in 1971, in favour of Tun Razak, who brought in the New Economic Policy, and heralded the beginning of political corruption within the party. The party was split again in 1987, with Tunku Razaleigh Hamzah running against Mahathir for party president. UMNO became embedded with what was coined “Team A and B”, when UMNO became deregistered in 1988, and Razaleigh left to form a new political party Semangat 46, fighting a bitter election in 1990.
UMNO was split down the middle once again in 1998, when Mahathir as prime minister, instantaneously stripped his deputy Anwar of all his government and party positions, leading to the formation of PKR. UMNO leadership became strained when Mahathir in retirement took aim at his successor Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, and then again with his opposition to Najib Razak, who succeeded Badawi in 2009.
This came to a head, when Mahathir and Muhyiddin’s Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia, or Bersatu, joined the Pakatan Harapan coalition and defeated the UMNO led Barisan Nasional government at the last general election, putting UMNO into the wilderness, for the first time since before independence.
UMNO’s defeat at the 2018 general election was a surprise to both the party and the opposition. Mahathir’s relentless personal campaigning against Najib, portraying him as corrupt over the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, led to a loss of 9 percent of the UMNO primary vote, basically going across to the opposition parties. This took 34 seats away from UMNO within the national parliament, and lost the BN a number of state governments.
UNMO’s share of the national primary vote has been in decline over the last 15 years. However, in subsequent by-elections following Pakatan Harapan’s win at the general election, gave heart to UMNO, with the BN winning 3 of them, of which UMNO took 2 out of the three, with substantial majorities. Ironically Najib, who appeared at the by-elections to campaign, attracted great attention, with his popular “Bossku” persona that a group of UMNO supporters remain loyal to. Najib still has 4.5 million fans on his Facebook page, and 4.2 million followers on his Twitter account, many times more than any other Malaysian politician.
Convicted felon Najib Razak, still popular in the Malay heartlands
Immediately after UMNO’s loss at the 2018 general election there was talk of reforming UMNO. However, the party elections later in 2018, where both Khairy Jamaluddin, representing reform, and Tunku Razaleigh Hamzah, representing a return to a clean conservative UMNO, both failed to dislodge Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, who represented the status quo. This indicated that UMNO would maintain the centro-Malay narratives, and persona of corruption, as Zahid is still facing charges for corruption in court. Any reform in UMNO was totally off the agenda. This prevented a united UMNO after its defeat, and set up deep division on which way UMNO should head in the future.
Mohamad Hasan, passed over for the clean and moderate image he projected
Major Opportunity Missed
UMNO lost a major opportunity to regain power during the Muhyiddin-Azmin Ali Sheraton Putsch. If Zahid had of held out on UMNO support for the move, there would have been either Zahid or Anwar as prime minister today. It was a risk Zahid didn’t take, and cost UMNO dearly in the long run.
If Zahid held out, UMNO would have been the incumbent government today. If Anwar became the prime minister, UMNO could have sat back in opposition with PAS, knowing their combined strength could give them a definite win in the next general election.
Muhyiddin took advantage of a divided UMNO and appointed 17 UMNO ministers and deputy ministers to his cabinet, who weren’t within the party leadership structure. This effectively disconnected a large proportion of UMNO MPs from the influence of their party leadership. Muhyiddin dealt a severe fracture into UMNO, which has undermined Zahid’s personal authority.
Zahid’s announcement on 8th July that UMNO has withdrawn support for Muhyiddin’s government, after Muhyiddin appointed Ismail Sabri Yaakob as deputy prime minister, and Hishammuddin Hussein as a senior minister, showed Zahid as a paper tiger, totally absent of any leadership authority over the UMNO parliamentary caucus.
One would normally write this off and call Zahid a “dead man walking”, but the recent court decision allowing former federal territories minister Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor leave to appeal his conviction for corruption, can be seen as a subliminal message to the UMNO “court cluster”, a deal can be done.
UMNO in a Chaotic Position
UMNO MPs really don’t know where they can go in the future. The deeply divided supreme council now has little control over the parliamentary wing. Thus, UMNO is without a strategy, or even a mission, to frame a strategy upon.
PAS support for the PN government has put UMNO into a corner, where Zahid has publicly dismissed any cooperation with Bersatu, Anwar, or the DAP. However, Most UMNO MPs are still supporting Muhyiddin’s government, and even taking up new positions.
This appears to leave UMNO fragmented, and in the wilderness. Any hope that the new deputy prime minister will succeed Muhyiddin, should he resign for any health reasons, are totally uncertain. The position of deputy prime minister is largely symbolic, rather than putting him next in line to the prime ministership.
Shahidan Kassim, an UMNO warlord from Perlis wants party elections
The party grassroots, nominally three million members, have faith the UMNO can rise again and win the next election. One group within the party, Tajuddin Rahman and Annuar Musa, are trying to save UMNO so the party can play a major role within a larger Malay block in the parliament. They believe, this way, UMNO can become the government once again in a coalition of their choosing, which they can command.
However, some believe this requires the abandonment of the “court cluster”, with the paradox, Najib is actually still very popular within the grassroots of the party, seen as a victim of political persecution by Mahathir. Muhyiddin is also carrying this card up his sleeve, but playing hardball against the man who dismissed him as deputy prime minister in 2016.
Two narratives are going on within UMNO today. One is the Zahid narrative, and the other is the Hishammuddin narrative. Zahid, popular and influential at party level is seen as a defender of the UMNO cause. Hishammuddin is pursuing a practical narrative of flexibility. He is more influential with the MPs.
This is where being pragmatic is more important than ideology. Zahid’s supposedly secret talks with PKR, indicate that the best deal is being sort. Hishammuddin’s past kris waving antics also indicate that pragmatism can go the other way too.
So, for UMNO, all bets are on.
The Options for UMNO
UMNO has three options. The first is to continue supporting Bersatu, which is the easiest option, until the next general election. Then UMNO can go all out next election and take as many constituencies back from Bersatu as possible.
The second option is to support the Pakatan Harapan, which would be full of all sorts of complexities. Only a small percentage of UMNO MPs would favour this option, and the grassroots would be dead against this. This option could unnecessarily split the party permanently.
Thirdly, UMNO could go alone in parliament as an independent party and let Muhyiddin remain as a minority government.
Aging Royal, Tunku Razaleigh Hamzah, offered himself publicly to head a unity government
It looks like UMNO will fumble through and continue to make contradictory moves and statements. UMNO will go all out next general election and try and win as many constituencies as possible. UMNO can no longer dominate the parliament, as there are now too many players competing for the hearts and minds of same Malay electorate. UMNO has no interest in broadening its appeal to other constituencies. So, this restricts UMNO to being the king maker, and sometimes the king, if it is lucky to have the cards stack in the right direction.
The perception that UMNO is a party for opportunists, wealth seekers, power, and keeping out of jail, will remain in the urban areas. In the rural areas, UMNO will remain a tarnished Robinhood, wearing last season’s outfits. Cash is important to run their election machinery. Consequently, UMNO will still pack some punch, but it is not the heavy-weight it once was.
Originally published in FMT 21st July 2021
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Good perspective of Malaysian politics